tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-25389785791320781102024-03-13T11:30:18.371-07:00Design Throughout TimeAN ANTHROPOLIGICAL PROSPECTIVEGIANNONIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06285472118635388026noreply@blogger.comBlogger10125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2538978579132078110.post-42356002626057498942009-06-15T23:46:00.000-07:002009-06-16T11:22:55.997-07:00<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_UgxrdYqNhH0/SjdCljaP9mI/AAAAAAAAAFY/rKx3mtLgOm8/s1600-h/Project10.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5347816295453685346" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 401px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 231px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_UgxrdYqNhH0/SjdCljaP9mI/AAAAAAAAAFY/rKx3mtLgOm8/s320/Project10.jpg" border="0" /></a><span style="color:#999999;"><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:180%;"><strong><em></em></strong></span></span><br /><span style="color:#999999;"><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:180%;"><strong><em></em></strong></span></span><br /><span style="color:#999999;"><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:180%;color:#ff9966;"><strong><em>ANTHROPOLOGY</em></strong></span> </span><br /><div><span style="font-family:arial;">Anthropology is the study of cultures; it goes over everything in a culture from language, economics, religion, natural resources, and so much more. Design is greatly influence by all of these things. We think that to study anthropology you much understand interior design and how it relates to cultures. In the book Interior Design and Decoration the authors take you from prehistory to the modern day and show you how much a society and culture is affected by design. Interior design is affected by geography, religion and government. For hundreds of years interior design has played a crucial role in the efficiency and pleasure of human activity. From living rooms, to palaces, and tombs; design has played a part. Every aspect of our lives is affected by the character of the space in which it takes place. Knowing the interiors from other cultures and times helps us to understand our own. Through this web page you will see how each period of design has affected each culture in some way or another.</span></div><div><span style="font-family:Arial;"></span></div><div><span style="font-size:180%;color:#ff0000;"><strong><em></em></strong></span></div><div><span style="font-size:180%;color:#ff0000;"><strong><em></em></strong></span></div><div><span style="font-size:180%;color:#ff9966;"><strong><em>PERIOD OF TIME</em></strong></span></div><div><strong><em><span style="font-size:180%;color:#999999;"></span></em></strong></div><div><strong><em><span style="font-size:180%;color:#ff0000;"></span></em></strong></div><div><span style="font-family:georgia;font-size:130%;"></span></div><ul><li><span style="font-family:georgia;font-size:130%;"><a href="http://historyofdesigns.blogspot.com/2009/06/egyptian_15.html"><strong><span style="color:#999900;">EGYPTIAN </span></strong></a></li></ul></span><blockquote><strong><span style="color:#999900;"></span></strong></blockquote><blockquote><strong><span style="color:#999900;"></span></strong></blockquote><div><span style="font-size:130%;color:#999900;"><strong></strong></span></div><div><span style="font-size:130%;color:#999900;"><strong></strong></span></div><div><span style="font-size:130%;color:#999900;"><strong></strong></span></div><div><span style="font-size:130%;color:#999900;"><strong></strong></span></div><ul><li><span style="font-size:130%;color:#999900;"><a href="http://historyofdesigns.blogspot.com/2009/06/greek-and-roman-times.html"><strong>GREEK & ROMAN</strong></a></span></li></ul><div><span style="font-size:130%;color:#999900;"><strong></strong></span></div><div><span style="font-size:130%;color:#999900;"><strong></strong></span></div><div><span style="font-size:130%;color:#999900;"><strong></strong></span></div><div><span style="font-size:130%;color:#999900;"><strong></strong></span></div><span style="font-size:130%;"><blockquote><span style="font-size:130%;color:#999900;"><strong></strong></span></blockquote><ul><li><a href="http://historyofdesigns.blogspot.com/2009/06/classical-middle-age.html"><strong><span style="color:#999900;">CLASSICAL & MIDLE AGES</span></strong></a></span></li></ul><div><span style="font-size:130%;color:#999900;"><strong></strong></span></div><div><span style="font-size:130%;color:#999900;"><strong></strong></span></div><div><span style="font-size:130%;color:#999900;"><strong></strong></span></div><div><span style="font-size:130%;color:#999900;"><strong></strong></span></div><span style="font-size:130%;"><blockquote><span style="font-size:130%;color:#999900;"><strong></strong></span></blockquote><ul><li><a href="http://historyofdesigns.blogspot.com/2009/06/renaissance.html"><strong><span style="color:#999900;">RENAISSANCE</span></strong></a></span></li></ul><div><span style="font-size:130%;color:#999900;"><strong></strong></span></div><div><span style="font-size:130%;color:#999900;"><strong></strong></span></div><div><span style="font-size:130%;color:#999900;"><strong></strong></span></div><div><span style="font-size:130%;color:#999900;"><strong></strong></span></div><span style="font-size:130%;"><blockquote><span style="font-size:130%;color:#999900;"><strong></strong></span></blockquote><ul><li><a href="http://historyofdesigns.blogspot.com/2009/06/early-american.html"><strong><span style="color:#999900;">EARLY AMERICAN</span></strong></a></span></li></ul><div><span style="font-size:130%;color:#999900;"><strong></strong></span></div><div><span style="font-size:130%;color:#999900;"><strong></strong></span></div><div><span style="font-size:130%;color:#999900;"><strong></strong></span></div><div><span style="font-size:130%;color:#999900;"><strong></strong></span></div><span style="font-size:130%;"><blockquote><span style="font-size:130%;color:#999900;"><strong></strong></span></blockquote><ul><li><a href="http://historyofdesigns.blogspot.com/2009/06/modern_15.html"><strong><span style="color:#999900;">MODERN</span></strong></a></span></li></ul><div><span style="font-size:130%;"></span></div><br /><br /><div><span style="font-size:130%;"></span></div><br /><br /><div><span style="font-size:130%;"></span></div><br /><br /><div><span style="font-size:130%;"></span></div><br /><br /><div><span style="font-size:130%;"></span></div><br /><br /><div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:130%;"></span></div><br /><br /><div><span style="font-family:Arial;"></span></div><br /><br /><div></div><br /><br /><div><span style="font-family:arial;color:#ff0000;"></span></div>GIANNONIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06285472118635388026noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2538978579132078110.post-42605759945757564142009-06-15T23:43:00.000-07:002009-06-16T10:58:50.093-07:00EGYPTIAN<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_UgxrdYqNhH0/SjfdUhWrLgI/AAAAAAAAAFw/U0qkClOVWtA/s1600-h/final+image+.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5347986427146350082" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 242px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 320px" alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_UgxrdYqNhH0/SjfdUhWrLgI/AAAAAAAAAFw/U0qkClOVWtA/s320/final+image+.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><div>The most common types of architectural styles during the Egyptian time period where of course the pyramids. These were a huge fiet in and of themselves! The purpose of the pyramids was a protective shield to encase the mummy of an Egyptian royalty. Along with the body of the royalty was also found their jewels and worldly possessions. They were a symbol of the Pharaoh’s strength, power and wealth. The stones were cut five mm and then fit together to form the triangular shape of the pyramid.<br />Monarchy was the type of government and the pharaoh was the most important so the fact that they built pyramids and paid so much attention to the pyramids shows how much government influenced their design process.<br />Sphinxes were also very popular; they were an animal body with the head of deity. They were about 150 feet long.<br />The temples that were adjacent to the pyramids were sacred areas.<br />The Egyptians lived in simple homes made of mud brick and were usually one to two rooms. The wealthier had many rooms sometimes multiple levels. Egypt is located on the Nile giving them access to a lot of grass, reeds and mud. This was influential in most of the design of the homes, and furniture.<br />Some of the most common motifs used during this time were reliefs which are carvings popped out from the wall or carved into the wall. They were mostly used on exterior walls and then plastered over. Geometric shapes, animals, birds, plants and humans usually decorated the walls of their homes pyramids and temples. They lived in the desert and only saw each other and wild animals; as a result the animals influence their motifs and furniture.<br />The colors that they used were orange, red, brown, taupe, yellow, green, ivory and ebony.<br />Furniture during this time was very scarce; this is when they were developing the use of chairs and beds. The beds they had usually had a headrest on them were slanted or curved the body. The seats were wide and low with the seats having a deep seat. The legs were usually animal legs. In poorer houses they didn’t have beds at all simply reed mats to sleep on.</div>GIANNONIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06285472118635388026noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2538978579132078110.post-24746205037826482712009-06-15T23:37:00.000-07:002009-06-16T01:09:18.508-07:00GREEK AND ROMAN TIMES<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_UgxrdYqNhH0/SjdRtbeNv6I/AAAAAAAAAFo/-7tPLYzuHOw/s1600-h/ROMAN+2.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5347832923436203938" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 248px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 320px" alt="" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_UgxrdYqNhH0/SjdRtbeNv6I/AAAAAAAAAFo/-7tPLYzuHOw/s320/ROMAN+2.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><p align="center"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_UgxrdYqNhH0/SjdQRtbFl3I/AAAAAAAAAFg/ym-TJ5u2alw/s1600-h/ROMAN.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5347831347706959730" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 414px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 277px" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_UgxrdYqNhH0/SjdQRtbFl3I/AAAAAAAAAFg/ym-TJ5u2alw/s320/ROMAN.jpg" border="0" /></a></p><p> </p><p>Architecture<br />Greek and Roman Architecture is very similar but there are a few things that help you to separate the two. To compare the two we can take a look at two very well know ruins, the Greek Parthenon and the Roman Pantheon.<br />Greek<br />Some say it’s the most beautiful building in the world. The Parthenon was built in Athens Greece to honor the Gods. Ictinus and Callicrates designed this beautifully proportioned building. It is made of marble. The triangular roof trusses were made of wood and covered with terra-cotta tiles. Minute adjustments to horizontal lines and manipulation of shape and placement made the Parthenon appear to be visually perfect, a sort of optical illusion. The construction shows the common architecture of the Greeks.<br />The Parthenon sits on a base called the stylobate, which can be approached from any side. The colonnade, a row of columns supported the weight of the roof. A lintel, or a cross piece, called the architrave sat on the capitals at the top of the columns. The capital is a decorative detail which helps distinguish ones style or order of Greek architecture. The Parthenon is of the Doric order with the shaft of the column fluted, and the column resting on the stylobate without a base. The Doric capital consists of a square abacus (Plate) at the top and a simple curved echinus (dish) below. A second set of beams with a decorative panel called a frieze runs the length and width of the building. The extended trusses create an overhang that sits above both the architrave and frieze. These three items together: 1. Architrave 2. Frieze 3. Cornice creates what is known as the entablature. The triangular shape of the roof forms a pediment, what we might call a gable, at the front and back of the building. Astounding sculptures and be found on these pediments.<br />In Rome they took a lot of the Greek architecture and added their own twist. Here and there they expanded with little touches that made it clear it was Roman architecture. The Pantheon was also built as a temple for the Gods. The Romans absorbed much of the Greek post and lintel architecture for the temple but incorporated the roundheaded arch and barrel vault. The flawlessness of the arch and vault led to the accomplishment of the dome. The temple was made of bricks from Volcano ash and lime; this allowed sturdy and rapid building. The bricks were then faced with a veneer marble or plaster.<br />When the Romans built they built on a raised podium instead of a stylobate. It could only be approached from the front by a single set of steps. The interior space called a cella was expanded to the edges of the podium that would have been a porch at the side and rear of the building. They would keep what was called a portico at the front of the building.<br />In Pompeii and Herculaneum, Roman houses were preserved under the ash of Mount Vesuvius. A typical house layout is described of having an atrium (a space open to the sky) with a pool in the entry. The rear of the houses opened into a colonnaded garden called a peristyle. These houses also had libraries, picture and sculpture galleries, kitchens, dinning, sleeping and rooms for conversation and reading. Houses like this show what the Romans fund to be in, education, art, and social entertainment.<br />Decorative Styles<br />Throughout Greek architecture you can see the three Greek orders being used to fit the different types of architecture on the buildings. The three orders were Doric, Ionic and Corinthian. The Doric is the oldest of the Greek orders.<br />Within each one of these orders distinct decorative details were used. A few of the popular Greek motifs are;<br /><br />Egg and Dart<br /><br /><br />Bead and Reel<br /><br />Zigzag<br /><br />Concentric Circles<br /><br />Perseus Digital Library Project. Ed. Gregory R. Crane. May 31st 2009). Tufts University. 5-31-09 <a href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/">http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/</a>.<br />Guilloche with Rosettes<br /><br />Meanders<br /><br /><br />Wave Pattern<br /><br /><br />The Romans added two orders in addition to the Greek orders, the Tuscan order and Composite order.<br />Tuscan Order Composite Order<br /><br />The Romans would often leave the Doric column unfluted and less massive. The Roman Ionic and Corinthian columns were almost identical to the Greek columns despite a few decorative details that the Romans would put their signature motifs on. A few of the signature Roman motifs are;<br /><br />Floral arrangements as wreaths<br /><br />Caryatids<br /><br />Fanciful Figures (Griffins)<br /><br /><br />The Greeks also displayed Frescos paintings on their walls as well as mosaics. They had their Art and Sculptures in galleries. They also had what is called a Trajan’s Column. This is a unique column that tells stories of battles and Rome by carvings that spiral up to the top of the column.<br /><br />Greek and Roman Furniture<br /><br />Greek and Roman Colors<br />Color is not just something to look at but color is used to reflect climate, political and social atmosphere, and exposure to other cultures. Colors of ancient Greece include; Stellar, Slate, and mist blues; scarlet; pale violet and medium malachite and olive greens; sun yellows; ivory white; marble pink, clay beige; copper brown, and charcoal.<br />Roman Colors included; magenta, rich gold, Pompeii red and Roman greens, accented with black.<br />Ancient ruins help us to see the colors thought to be used by the Romans and Greeks. Although the colors are not as rich and bold as they were, it helps give us a glimpse of years ago.<br /><br />Greek and Roman Furniture<br />Both Greek and Roman furniture was put together with the Mortise-Tenon or Dowel joints. These are very strong joints that are still used today in some furniture. If joints were not used they would bound the pieces together with straps of leather.<br />Both the Greeks and Romans also had a popular chair the Klismos chair. It was more comfortable than the Throne chair that was made out of stone. They both also had couches and beds. There was not much difference between the bed and couch. The couch was often set in an entertainment area for guest to lie on while eating and relaxing. Although the Greeks did have similar pieces of furniture the decorating was a bit different. The Greeks often decorated with vases while the Romans with there sculpture’s. </p>GIANNONIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06285472118635388026noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2538978579132078110.post-77661469560592301862009-06-15T23:35:00.000-07:002009-06-16T11:52:06.932-07:00CLASSICAL & MIDDLE AGE<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_UgxrdYqNhH0/Sjfp0MkqyEI/AAAAAAAAAGI/tQrj-rvH5Z8/s1600-h/image+3.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5348000165463246914" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 311px" alt="" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_UgxrdYqNhH0/Sjfp0MkqyEI/AAAAAAAAAGI/tQrj-rvH5Z8/s320/image+3.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><div>The classical heritage flourished throughout the Middle Ages in both the Byzantine Greek East and the Latin West. The <a class="toahTipTE" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/byza/hd_byza.htm" jquery1245139900848="19" hoverintent_t="undefined">Byzantines</a>, who called themselves Rhomaioi, or Romans, retained many of the trappings and economic, legal, and administrative institutions of the <a class="toahTipTE" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/roem/hd_roem.htm" jquery1245139900848="20" hoverintent_t="undefined">ancient Roman empire</a>. In the West, rulers such as the Frankish king Charlemagne (r. 768–814) or the Saxon ruler Otto I (r. 936–73) sought to revive a Western Roman Empire and were crowned "Emperor and Augustus" by the pope in Rome.<br />The Antique Presence in LiteratureThe culture of antiquity played an important role in the literary and artistic endeavors of the Middle Ages. We owe much of our knowledge of classical Greek poetry, <a class="toahTipTE" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/thtr/hd_thtr.htm" jquery1245139900848="21">drama</a>, and <a class="toahTipTE" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/ipha/hd_ipha.htm" jquery1245139900848="22">philosophy</a> to the scribes and <a class="toahTipTE" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/book/hd_book.htm" jquery1245139900848="23">illuminators</a> who produced books for the intellectuals and wealthy patrons of Byzantine society, who placed great value on classical learning. Among these, the ninth-century patriarch Photios boasted that he had read hundreds of classical texts. The writings of Cicero, Catullus, Virgil—indeed, most of ancient Latin literature—has come down to us because it was laboriously copied by medieval <a class="toahTipTE" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/mona/hd_mona.htm" jquery1245139900848="24" hoverintent_t="undefined" hoverintent_s="0">monks</a> and preserved in monastic, ecclesiastical, and royal libraries. Even in a ruined state, the baths, aqueducts, and sanctuaries of the classical world provoked the people of the Middle Ages to reflect upon the grandeur of the past. Benedict, a canon of Saint Peter's in Rome, and the Englishman Master Gregory, both writing in the twelfth century, were among many authors whose works provide us with medieval descriptions of the marvels of antiquity. Art and the Classical TraditionArt objects of all varieties display an <a class="toahTipTE" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/rmsq/hd_rmsq.htm" jquery1245139900848="25" hoverintent_t="undefined">awareness of classical tradition</a> through form, decoration, and visual vocabulary. The silver plate showing the Battle of David and Goliath looks to the Old Testament for its theme, but to the classical past for its naturalistic style and use of personification (<a class="toahTipObj" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ho/06/eusb/ho_17.190.396.htm" jquery1245139900848="11">17.190.396</a>). Medieval artists often employed ancient motifs despite their pre-Christian connotations. The imagery of Dionysos, god of wine, for example, remained popular even after Christianity eclipsed his cult (<a class="toahTipObj" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/anti/ho_26.9.9.htm" jquery1245139900848="12">26.9.9</a>; <a class="toahTipObj" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/anti/ho_17.190.56.htm" jquery1245139900848="13">17.190.56</a>). As if to deny the distance between antiquity and the present, classical figures might appear on art objects wearing medieval dress and in medieval surroundings (<a class="toahTipObj" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/anti/ho_17.190.173ab,1988.1.6.htm" jquery1245139900848="14">17.190.173ab,1988.1.6</a>). <a class="toahTipTE" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/arch/hd_arch.htm" jquery1245139900848="26" hoverintent_t="undefined">Sculptural and architectural fragments</a> from antiquity were often incorporated on <a class="toahTipTE" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/mgot/hd_mgot.htm" jquery1245139900848="27" hoverintent_t="undefined">medieval buildings</a>, and extant monuments such as city gates often served as motifs for medieval architects (see images of <a href="javascript:toggleEnlargeThematic(">Porte d'Arroux</a> and nave of <a href="javascript:toggleEnlargeThematic(">Cathedral of Saint-Lazare</a> at left). In the courts of medieval monarchs, classical history and legend offered models for noble behavior. Rulers in both Byzantium and western Europe borrowed imperial imagery from their Roman predecessors to assert continuity between the classical past and their own enterprise. <a class="toahTipTE" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/grlg/hd_grlg.htm" jquery1245139900848="28">Greco-Roman divinities</a>, events from the Trojan War, and the feats of <a class="toahTipTE" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/hera/hd_hera.htm" jquery1245139900848="29">Hercules</a>, <a class="toahTipTE" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/alex/hd_alex.htm" jquery1245139900848="30">Alexander</a>, and Julius Caesar appeared not only in illustrated manuscripts, but also in <a class="toahTipTE" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/taps/hd_taps.htm" jquery1245139900848="31">tapestries</a>, decorative sculpture, and small objects exchanged as gifts among aristocrats (<a class="toahTipObj" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/anti/ho_47.101.3.htm" jquery1245139900848="15">47.101.3</a>; <a class="toahTipObj" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/anti/ho_16.106.htm" jquery1245139900848="16">16.106</a>). Sometimes medieval artists based their representations of classical subjects on ancient works of art, such as the coins, <a class="toahTipTE" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/came/hd_came.htm" jquery1245139900848="32">cameos</a>, and gems often kept in noble and ecclesiastical collections (<a class="toahTipObj" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/anti/ho_38.150.23.htm" jquery1245139900848="17" hoverintent_t="undefined" hoverintent_s="0">38.150.23</a>). These relics from antiquity might even find their way into newly crafted objects designed for religious use (<a class="toahTipObj" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/anti/ho_17.190.1406.htm" jquery1245139900848="18"> 17.190.1406</a>), a vivid demonstration of the way in which medieval artists and patrons saw the pagan past as relevant to the Christian present.<br /><br /><span style="font-size:130%;color:#ff6600;"><br /><blockquote><span style="font-size:130%;color:#ff6600;"></span></blockquote>Architecture</span><br />The more things change, the more they stay the same. While art has always been an ever changing form, it has deep roots in traditionalism; whether an artist or designer looks at the art that came before him and is inspired to follow that form, is inspired to do something completely opposite, or sees the flaws which, if corrected, could make that work of art perfect, he is ultimately quite influenced by what came before him. Nowhere is this more evident than in the design styles found not only in art, but also in architecture and interior design. The twentieth century has been a time of great innovation, and yet, very few eras have seen so many stylistic revivals. The popularity of these classical styles has often surpassed that of the more experimental, modern ideas, reinforcing the idea that aesthetic beauty is absolutely timeless. The early 20th century saw a great deal of influence in terms of classical design.Architecture is the art or practice of designing and building structures. American architecture varies significantly from architecture of the ancient world. American architecture began around the seventeenth century. Settlers from different European countries brought with them, during the North American colonizat<br /></span><span style="color:#ff6600;"><a href="http://www.jlm-arch.com/classical.html">http://www.jlm-arch.com/classical.html</a></span><br /><br /><span style="color:#ff6600;"><span style="color:#333333;"><span style="font-size:130%;color:#cc0000;">Classical Tradition slides Middle Ages 4-02-2004</span></span></span><br /><span style="color:#ff6600;"><span style="color:#333333;"><span style="font-size:130%;color:#cc0000;"><br /></span>The Classical Tradition in the Middle Ages. 11th-12th century Reliance on Roman form in churches particularly the basilica. St Peter's after 790 the transept expanded for the laity to enter and leave. St Benedict's regula divided the monk's day into three equal parts. He founded the first monastic order. The cloister connected different parts and there was an ideal plan for St. Gall although the monastery was never actually built that way. A similar plan is for the Baths of Caracalla. The elevation and outline of churches at about 1000 is very different from any Roman buildings. There is powerful massing in a Romanesque church such as Hildersheim. Bernward's column copies the structure and narrative structure of Roman Columns such as Trajans. It shows religious themes rather than battles. Romanesque church in Caen (one of two such churches). Similar to Baths of Diocletian in Rome - ribs vaults and groin vault. Speyer Cathedral illustrates that some </span><a id="amzn_cl_link_2" href="http://amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1900357240?ie=UTF8&tag=theshafeforum-21&link_code=em1&camp=2502&creative=11114&creativeASIN=1900357240&adid=841115ff-5931-4cb2-8ab7-6349ad5429a6" target="_blank"><span style="color:#333333;">Romanesque churches</span></a><span style="color:#333333;"> are very tall. Similar to arrangement in the Trier Basilica, St Johns Chapel Tower of London has giant orders and resembles in some ways an aqueduct structure of orders. </span><a id="amzn_cl_link_1" href="http://amazon.co.uk/gp/product/B000767R2G?ie=UTF8&tag=theshafeforum-21&link_code=em1&camp=2502&creative=11114&creativeASIN=B000767R2G&adid=be9c8ceb-8a4f-48db-8d55-70fa4852b62a" target="_blank"><span style="color:#333333;">Durham cathedral</span></a><span style="color:#333333;"> has innovative features One of the most important churches of the 17th Century was Cluny. There were three stages of building. Cluny III has a main nave with side aisles and an apse with an ambulatory and transepts that include chapels. Clunians needed as large scale church for their excessive number of services and praying. Clunian reforms and its innovative architecture was carried across Europe. Many of its features and images were classical. Berze la Ville in Burgundy remains and shows us what the features of Cluny may have looked like. At the same time following the "investiture conflict" the Popes emerged renewed and they went on a spending spree and built new churches like 12th S. Clemente. Spolia (booty or plunder) - reused Roman columns and the use of mosaic on a large scale. This comes from their use at Montevideo also in the 12th century. The floor is a Cosmati floor (type of mosaic technique that was practiced by Roman decorators and architects in the 12th and 13th centuries, in which tiny triangles and squares of coloured stone (red porphyry, green serpentine, and white and other coloured marbles) and glass paste were arranged in patterns and combined with large, stone disks and strips to produce geometric designs) and is used everywhere named after a family (?). Image of the wine in the apse linked to the Eucharist. Patrons of the 12th century like Henry of Blois in England looked back to classical tradition for their designs and he went to Rome and collected classical statues and Roman art. Early 10th century pulpit in Aachen shows the use of jewels used to create the earthly version of Jerusalem - see the Mass of St Giles to see the ornamentation used in St Denis. In the Mosan (?) region high quality metalwork started to be developed for churches such as the Liege font. The softness and tenderness of representation speaks of a classical influence but we do not know where they got it from. So why didn't the Renaissance happen then? Their interests led them in a different direction. The altarpiece at Klosterneuberg links the old and new testament scenes in a narrative way. Very different from our own understanding of the texts. </span><a id="amzn_cl_link_4" href="http://amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0099450194?ie=UTF8&tag=theshafeforum-21&link_code=em1&camp=2502&creative=11114&creativeASIN=0099450194&adid=dd604bf8-a98a-460d-bb22-7a59171db91a" target="_blank"><span style="color:#333333;">The Bayeux Tapestry</span></a><span style="color:#333333;"> (technically embroidery) also shows a narrative. Note that text is included in both to explain the story. The 12th century was a great period of change when power shifts from Germany to Paris. Louis VII moved from Orlean to Paris. Can be compared to Chicago tall buildings going up all the time. Gothic - pointed arch, ribbed vault and flying buttresses. St. Denis was modelled from the West end and he then moved to the East end. The nave between was much older and respected. Suger had to negotiate a design that fitted the new east end with the old nave and so many features are backward looking. So even this first Gothic structure look back to Romanesque and classical. Soissons Cathedral is also an early Gothic but many features look back to, for example, aqueducts. Early Gothic had Corinthian capitals and fluted half columns on the inside and outside. Autun. Influenced by Cluny, monumental 'Judgement' in tympani. They become more elaborate as at Chartres, It also introduces caryatid figures either side of the door. They are old testament Kings and Queens. Panovski principle of disjuncture. Carolingians were steeped in the past but later they used an interpreted iconography in a different way. For example, idolatry is represented as worshiping a classical cameo of the type that were used by the Carolingians. Reims Last Judgement shows people who are emerging from urns used to hold the remains of cremated people. Four figures create a sense of narrative in the way they turn and look at each other, also note they are clothed in Roman togas. Annunciation has the first instance of a figure smiling - showing emotion. The next step is shown at Naumberg where the patrons (long dead at that time) are shown with an immediacy and a realism. Almost like portraiture, a new interest in showing realistic figures such as the Last Supper. Soucha (?) uses a porphery Egyptian vase and decorates it. Westminster Cathedral Cosmati mosaic pavement dedicated to St. Peter. The design was also chosen by </span><a id="amzn_cl_link_3" href="http://amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1852851376?ie=UTF8&tag=theshafeforum-21&link_code=em1&camp=2502&creative=11114&creativeASIN=1852851376&adid=527ac72d-98bf-4968-b7d1-8fb6e2d5afdd" target="_blank"><span style="color:#333333;">Henry III</span></a><span style="color:#333333;"> for his own tomb. Busts of Charlemagne made by Charles IV looking back to his Imperial forebearers. Charlemagne had been canonised. Frederick II of Sicily also liked to depict himself as a Roman emperor. Recalls head of Augustus. Why Italy? Why did the renaissance start in Italy? Southern France and Europe had buildings much more closely linked to classical arches and buildings. Nicolas Pisano pulpit 13th century in Pisa. Its forms, style and arrangement is inspired by classical monuments and styles, for example on Roman sarcophagi they that were in Pisa. Pisa was a Ronan town and increasingly important at the time. St Peter is meant to have given his first sermon just outside Pisa, not Rome. So Pisa had a claim to be the centre of Christianity. Naked figure of Hercules (?) or is it of fortitude or even Daniel in the lion's den. Don't expect to see a naked figure before 15th or 16th century. Monreale, Sicily, slaughtering a bull, cult of Mithras. A cult that competed with Christianity in the time of Constantine. Putti on facade of Modena is also difficult to explain at this time, We come to Giotto. He obviously looked at classical sources and buildings. The S. Francesco portico still survives. Also see similarity between Giotto and Roman sarcophagi. Giotto's style found its way to </span><a id="amzn_cl_link_0" href="http://amazon.co.uk/gp/product/080761596X?ie=UTF8&tag=theshafeforum-21&link_code=em1&camp=2502&creative=11114&creativeASIN=080761596X&adid=eb7ca3c8-edc2-4001-8d7c-1ee1cf78dee5" target="_blank"><span style="color:#333333;">Tres Riches Heures</span></a><span style="color:#333333;"> in Northern Europe. Shows walls of Paris in the month of June (?). What is the difference between the use of classical images in the Middle Ages and later renaissance images? Mantua Virgil and Mantegna's Virgil. One with an open book on his lap and the other standing as a classically dressed Virgil. In the Renaissance they felt they were actually bringing the past back to life, in the Middle Ages they were just using it.</span><br /></span></span></span><br /></span></div>GIANNONIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06285472118635388026noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2538978579132078110.post-79066339346075929392009-06-15T22:18:00.000-07:002009-06-15T23:34:58.417-07:00RENAISSANCE<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_UgxrdYqNhH0/Sjc8IoFddiI/AAAAAAAAAFI/7l7G0QWJEX4/s1600-h/FINl+picture+1.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5347809201422693922" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 347px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 386px" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_UgxrdYqNhH0/Sjc8IoFddiI/AAAAAAAAAFI/7l7G0QWJEX4/s320/FINl+picture+1.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Florence, Italy<br /><br />Florence Italy is where the renaissance began. This marked the rebirth of the classical influence in architecture. Leading architects and designers from Italy, France and Holland helped the Renaissance spread throughout Europe by creating pattern books with hand drawn pattern and descriptions.<br /><br />Architecture<br />The Palazzo Rucellai is a wonderful example of Renaissance architecture. A Renaissance Palace was a box like fortress with large gates that opened into a large roofless courtyard or atrium in which the house surrounds. The houses were three stories high so the exterior was divided into thirds. The first floor was very rustic with a chiseled ashlar stone, mortared. The second is more of a smooth ashlar mortared. The third top floor is an extremely smooth ashlar that is dry stacked and appears seamless. The pilasters (square columns) on each layer progressed from Doric on the Ground to Ionic in the middle and Corinthian on the top floor. The top floor was covered by a very large overhanging cornice. A famous architect during this time was Andrea Palladio. He did a few publis buildings but for the most part he was known for his Villas he created for wealthy farmers. One of his most well known villas was the Villa Rotonda built in 1567.<br /><div><div><div><div><div><div><div>Decorative Styles During the Renaissance art was very fashionable. This is the time when many famous artists prevailed. Leonardo Da Vinci, Raphael, Botticelli, and Michelangelo are just a few artists who are still known today for what they did during the Renaissance. Many paintings were done in homes and on ceilings of chapels. Many hand carved details adorned the interior of buildings and homes as well. The traditional Greek and roman orders were used as well along with a twist of Renaissance flair. Large scale florals, the artichoke, and the pomegranate were used as Renaissance motifs and patterns. </div><div>Renaissance Furniture<br /><br />Renaissance colors<br />The Renaissance was the time of a rebirth for art and architecture. Artist were no longer tied to symbolic colors and found new bright colors to use. Color became pleasing to artist and patrons alike. Rich and vibrant reds, blues, gold’s and green’s were what made up most of the paintings and interiors. </div><div>The most popular chair of the Renaissance had to be the either the Savonarola chair or the Dante chair. These a re x framed chairs patterned after the Roman folding chair. Both are used in modern design today. </div><div>Another popular piece of furniture was the Credenza. This piece too is still used in modern day design.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></div><div><br /><br /><br /></div><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><div><br /></div><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><div><br /><br /><br /></div><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><div></div><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><div><br /><br /><br /></div><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><div><br /></div><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><div><br /><br /><br /></div><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>GIANNONIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06285472118635388026noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2538978579132078110.post-72593026329968787632009-06-15T21:04:00.000-07:002009-06-16T11:16:13.847-07:00EARLY AMERICAN<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_UgxrdYqNhH0/SjfhZvA9bpI/AAAAAAAAAF4/Wlr2NXh_N-A/s1600-h/final+2.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5347990914759224978" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 243px" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_UgxrdYqNhH0/SjfhZvA9bpI/AAAAAAAAAF4/Wlr2NXh_N-A/s320/final+2.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><div>During this time America was just settling in; they came across on the Mayflower and were discovering this new land they had landed on. They tried to adapt nature to fit their own design style instead of the Native Americans idea of adapting their styles to nature. During the Colonial time, which is pre 1776, they lived in tents, and huts made out of clay mud , bark and tree limbs. Their homes are very simple; everything was put together with logs fit together with mortise and tenon joint. As time moved forward more people came over from Europe and brought with them new ideas. Plaster was developed and they were able to plaster the interior walls to add decoration and cut out the drafts of the homes. The Horton House in Southold New York, was built in 1649 and is the oldest standing building from Colonial times. It is built of tree limbs and you can see how simple the design is. They had virtually no windows probably because they had not developed glass, or they liked dark rooms. During this time they were greatly influence by England and the styles from there; including Jacobean, Queen Anne and Will and Mary.<br />The Federal style which is post 1776, was influenced by France, Hepplewhite, Sheraton and the Neoclassical style emerges. You see a lot of Greek and Roman influences here with the use of Portico, covered porches, pediments, columns flush with the wall, and columns. Thomas Jefferson Monticello home is one of the most famous homes to come out of this time period. Through these eras you see the development of architecture. There was no formal government set up yet and so there are so many different styles being combined together.<br />The most common motifs during these time periods were pilasters and moldings. Moldings were used around the ceiling and fireplaces.<br />There was a lot of war during this time so guns and knives were hung on display to warn of owners’ power to retaliate should there be anyone wanting to start a fight.<br />The eagle was adopted in 1782 as the national symbol; it could be found on gates, clocks, picture frames and pediments on top of important doors. The torch and female figure were also popular as they depicted the symbol of freedom. During this time the Colonies were fighting for their freedom from England.<br />The colonists tried to add lots of flair to their rooms; the rooms were very decorated with wainscoting, and molding. Symmetrical design was also very popular.<br />Furniture was expensive to be shipped over from Europe so the locals started to make their own furniture based on their own ideas and styles influenced from Europe. Most furniture was simple and convertible for example; chair that could be flipped over to become a table. Because it was so cold most beds were four posters so that drapes could be hung from them in the winter and keep in the warmth while they slept.<br />The colors they used were very mutted; nothing too bright. Colors such as pink, baby blue, pale green, red and ivory were very popular.</div>GIANNONIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06285472118635388026noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2538978579132078110.post-87009613492359880842009-06-15T20:56:00.000-07:002009-06-16T11:41:56.858-07:00MODERN<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_UgxrdYqNhH0/SjfnbTPT7ZI/AAAAAAAAAGA/gSh2YlRCsec/s1600-h/481056411_b7f81e5590_o.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5347997538732731794" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 320px" alt="" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_UgxrdYqNhH0/SjfnbTPT7ZI/AAAAAAAAAGA/gSh2YlRCsec/s320/481056411_b7f81e5590_o.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><div>In the modern world, human life experience is largely played out in interior spaces. We may love the out-of-doors for the sense of open air and sky, for the escape it offers from life inside enclosure, but the very joy of being outside reflects the reality that so much of life is spent inside.<br />Buildings and their interiors are planned to serve the purposes and styles of the times of their origins, but they exert their influence on the activities and lives that they house as long as they continue in use.<br />The study of interior design, its development and change through history is a useful way both to explore the past and to make sense of the spaces in which modern life is lived.<br />Professional interior designers are expected to study design history, to know the practices of the past in terms of "styles," and to know the names and the nature of the contributions of those individuals who generated the most interesting and influential approaches to design.<br />Charles Rennie Mackintosh<br />In Glasgow, Scotland, work related to Art Nouveau was produced for a short time by a few designers led by <a href="http://www.greatbuildings.com/architects/Charles_Rennie_Mackintosh.html">Charles Rennie Mackintosh</a> (1868-1928). Mackintosh's work grew out of Arts and Crafts bases, but moved toward the freedom of Art Nouveau and became greatly admired by continental designers, including those based in Vienna.<br />For private clients and for his own Glasgow flat, Mackintosh developed furniture designs that most often used simple, geometric forms, but then introduced exaggerated proportions, extreme high chair backs, and white or black paint finishes with decorative details in violet, silver, or gold.<br />Whether you have a Georgian period home, or just want a relaxed and elegant feel in your more modern home, a Georgian interior design style is bound to be top of your list.<br />Georgian design concentrates on simplicity, beauty and proportion. This makes it an excellent choice for any traditional or modern home.<br />The Georgian interior design style is named after the decorating style in vogue during the reigns of George I through to George IV in England. This covers a time period from 1714 to 1837.<br />Of course there were many minor changes of style and design through this lengthy period of time. The Georgian style gradually became more decorative throughout the period. So do consider this if your home dates from either end of the time spectrum, or if you need to be historically accurate, for any reason.<br />You will see strong influences of other periods and design styles in the Georgian interior design style. The main influences on Georgian design styles were: neo-classical (classical Greek and Roman art and architecture), Oriental design, French aristocratic style, Rococo and Gothic Revival.<br /><strong><span style="font-size:130%;color:#cc0000;">Georgian interior design</span></strong> relies quite heavily on its distinctive architectural style. The architecture is very decorative, so add plaster mouldings, ceiling roses and rails and friezes.<br />The Georgian wall was comprised of 3 sections:<br />The lower part: This was often wood panelled and ended with a dado rail/chair rail at 75cm height (2'6'')<br />The centre part: This was most of the wall, and was where wallpaper or decorative fabrics were hung<br />The upper part: The upper part of the wall comprised a picture rail, cornice and frieze.<br />Typical Georgian decorative mouldings are egg and dart, acanthus leaves, shells, scrolls, mythological subjects and beasts from fantasy.<br />Georgian wall colors were quite toned down and muted. Using heritage ranges of paint is an excellent way of making sure you get the right tones and colors.<br />Wood work was usually painted in white, or chocolate brown or olive green.<br />Georgian rooms were quite dark, but it was usual to find quite a few little touches of gold and gilt to brighten the feel a bit.<br />For wallpapers and fabrics choose beautiful patterns. Typical designs are stripes, urns, columns, oriental designs and 'Toile de Jouy'.<br />Georgian rooms were kept very simple and uncluttered. So keep furniture pared down to a minimum. The furniture itself was dainty in style, in dark woods, and with scrolled arms and 'ball and claw' feet. All very refined and elegant.</div>GIANNONIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06285472118635388026noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2538978579132078110.post-42674868971809333232009-06-15T20:55:00.001-07:002009-06-16T12:12:34.327-07:00Javier GiannoniMy name is Javier Giannoni , I was born in Santiago Chile, I came to the United state on April frits 1999, I am student of the Art Institute of Salt Lake city, I am study interior design, I am currently working in a architectural firm, in downtown town salt lake, I am and architectural illustrator, and I working to visualizations of exterior and interior architectural rendering and helping on the design process in architectural, I have a degree from the community college in computer graphics and design, .GIANNONIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06285472118635388026noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2538978579132078110.post-13113787066607436422009-06-15T20:17:00.000-07:002009-06-15T20:54:34.641-07:00Dahlia BarkerMy name is Dahlia Barker; I was born in California then moved to Hawaii, then Nevada, then Washington then to Utah when I was ten years old. I love to be outside, hiking is one of my most favorite activities; I love the summer when I can be outside doing yard work, playing tennis or just walking around outside. I love to read, I’ll read pretty much anything, that’s how much I love to read. I’ve played the flute for 15 years; I studied French for six years and speak fluent Russian.<br />I started into design in high school because I needed an extra credit and my mom said just take interior design. My first day I knew I had found my profession; this is what I want to spend the rest of my life doing. Design isn’t work for me, it’s a hobby. People think I’m weird every time I walk into a house or building I start to look at the design and see what I would do differently or what I like about the space.GIANNONIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06285472118635388026noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2538978579132078110.post-50703860127621090282009-06-15T20:11:00.000-07:002009-06-15T20:55:04.053-07:00Ashley Williamson<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_UgxrdYqNhH0/SjcOSQ0DwmI/AAAAAAAAADo/cFFy4yfR7gQ/s1600-h/ashley.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5347758789439504994" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 221px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 172px" alt="" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_UgxrdYqNhH0/SjcOSQ0DwmI/AAAAAAAAADo/cFFy4yfR7gQ/s320/ashley.jpg" border="0" /></a> <span style="font-family:arial;">I was born and raised in Maryland, to my parents Carma and Destin. I currently am a student at the Art Institute of Salt Lake City. I am in the Interior Design program. I picked Interior Design as a major because, I love to be creative and adventurous not only in school but in life. When I’m not in school I enjoy spending time with family and friends. I love to scrap book, hike, shop, boat, and serve others. Once I graduate I would like to eventually have my own design firm.<br /></span><div><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_UgxrdYqNhH0/SjcOFcJuliI/AAAAAAAAADg/jF5gNSXen3g/s1600-h/ashley.jpg"></a><br /><br /><div></div></div>GIANNONIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06285472118635388026noreply@blogger.com